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Exam 6: Learning

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Question 21

Multiple Choice

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When you take aspirin to decrease a headache, the removal of pain is_____.

A) ineffective
B) secondary reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

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Question 22

Multiple Choice

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Negative reinforcement is _____ the same as punishment.

A) always
B) mostly
C) sometimes
D) never

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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Question 23

Multiple Choice

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A _____ schedule of reinforcement provides a reward for the first response after a non-specific number of responses have occurred.

Chickens could not be taught to play baseball because they would chase the ball after it was batted, rather than run to first base.This was an example of _____ because it demonstrated that the chickens' innate pattern of running after food (the ball) took precedence over running toward a stationary object (first base) .

Extinction occurs in _____ conditioning when the US and CS are no longer paired; extinction occurs in _____ conditioning, when reinforcement is withheld.

When a neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus as well, this is called _____ conditioning.

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n)

Based on observational learning research, which of the following is TRUE?

The consequences of one's behaviors are a critical element in shaping future actions in _____ conditioning.

There are some behaviors that cannot be _____ conditioned because biological preparedness suggests that a species will favor natural instinctive behaviors to those being reinforced.

Negative punishment _____ the chances that a given behavior will continue, while negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that the response will persist.

Professor Miller gives a quiz once a week but he never tells students on what day the quiz will be given.This is a _____ schedule.

This is the idea that an organism has a built-in readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

For ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he kissed his wife while standing on the living room carpet.Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches his wife to kiss her.In classical conditioning, his wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus.

If you repeatedly fail in your attempts to control your environment, you are likely to make no further attempts to escape or even make your environment better.This is called _____.

Garcia's finding that conditioned laboratory rats to avoid sweetened water because it was paired with a shock that caused nausea several hours later shows _________.

Based on cognitive-social learning theory, which of the following is the BEST slogan to present to a class for parents who want their children to adopt their standards of behavior?

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer.When you put in another dollar, you get another soda.Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Ursula's mother spanks Ursula for hitting her younger brother.According to observational learning principles, the mother is _____.

A form of associative learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences is called _____.