Question 1

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution inspired psychologists of the early 1900s to study

Accepted Answer

A)  the genetic basis of learning in humans.
B)  increases in intelligence from one generation to the next.
C)  animal learning and intelligence.
D)  the transmission of memories from parent to child.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

After classically conditioning some response,how might one produce extinction of the response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Repeatedly present the UCS alone,without the CS.
B)  Repeatedly present the CS alone,without the UCS.
C)  Allow for the passage of time without any further training.
D)  Punish any responses.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 3

An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  generalization.
D)  disequilibrium.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

You watch someone win election as President of the United States.You would like to win that honor too,but you make no effort to copy the actions of the person who won the election.If you are like most people,the probable reason why you failed to imitate this person is that

Accepted Answer

A)  you are restrained by the Premack effect.
B)  you lack a feeling of self-efficacy.
C)  you are behaving on a fixed-interval schedule.
D)  your behavior is subject to spontaneous recovery.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Of the following,a behaviorist is most likely to study

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious thought processes.
B)  animal learning.
C)  repressed memories.
D)  higher motives,including self-actualization.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

The disequilibrium principle states that:

Accepted Answer

A)  any high-frequency behavior can be used to reinforce a low-frequency behavior.
B)  conditioned reinforcers are more powerful than unconditioned reinforcers.
C)  rare behaviors can never be used to reinforce more frequent behaviors.
D)  any behavior that has been performed less often than usual can reinforce behavior.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

In order to reduce risky behavior of children on a playground,a safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely.Researchers found this program

Accepted Answer

A)  effective,even though the reinforcements were very small (e.g. ,blue ribbons) .
B)  effective,provided the reinforcements were very large (e.g. ,$5 per week) .
C)  effective,but only on the day the reinforcement was delivered.
D)  less effective than physically punishing children for risky behavior.E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 8

The more lottery tickets you buy,the greater your chances of winning.However,you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win.It might be fewer than ten;it might be more than a million.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio
B)  variable ratio
C)  fixed interval
D)  variable intervalE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

In classical conditioning,learning is to unlearning as

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination is to extinction.
B)  acquisition is to extinction.
C)  extinction is to generalization.
D)  acquisition is to spontaneous recovery.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 10

Which type of experience must a subject go through in classical conditioning before it can display stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition
B)  spontaneous recovery
C)  extinction
D)  discriminationE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 11

An individual receives a reinforcement after a certain number of responses.Sometimes 5 responses are necessary,sometimes 2,and sometimes 10.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio
B)  variable ratio
C)  fixed interval
D)  variable intervalE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off.Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially,now you do,due to classical conditioning.In this example,the unconditioned response is

Accepted Answer

A)  waking up to your alarm.
B)  the alarm.
C)  the clicking.
D)  waking up to the clicking.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior.
C)  physically forcing a response.
D)  withholding reinforcement until an undesirable behavior ceases.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 14

Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS leads to the extinction of the CR.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch.This effect is called

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination.
B)  spontaneous recovery.
C)  stimulus generalization.
D)  extinction.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 16

An investigator presents a conditioned stimulus followed by an unconditioned stimulus until an animal is classically conditioned.Then she exposes the animal to an extinction procedure.If she waits a while and then tests the animal again,she is likely to see

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery.
B)  backward conditioning.
C)  generalization.
D)  discrimination.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 17

A rat learns to press a lever to escape from an electric shock.This is an example of ____________________.
negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

negative r...

Question 18

Rats that have been shocked while drinking sweetened water from a tube that produces loud noises and bright lights will later

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid tubes with noises and lights.
B)  avoid sweet-tasting water.
C)  avoid both sweet-tasting water and tubes with noises and lights.
D)  avoid all sweet-tasting substances.E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following statements about extinction following intermittent reinforcement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviors that were intermittently reinforced never extinguish.
B)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is slower than following continuous reinforcement.
C)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is more rapid than following continuous reinforcement.
D)  Behaviors reinforced on a intermittent reinforcement schedule will spontaneously extinguish unless occasional periods of continuous reinforcement are used.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior.
B)  learning by imitation.
C)  punishing every behavior except the one that is reinforced.
D)  physically forcing an individual to make a response.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Exam 6: Learning

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

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In classical conditioning,learning is to unlearning as

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Rats that have been shocked while drinking sweetened water from a tube that produces loud noises and bright lights will later

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch.This effect is called

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An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following,a behaviorist is most likely to study

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You watch someone win election as President of the United States.You would like to win that honor too,but you make no effort to copy the actions of the person who won the election.If you are like most people,the probable reason why you failed to imitate this person is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS leads to the extinction of the CR.

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A rat learns to press a lever to escape from an electric shock.This is an example of ____________________. negative reinforcement

Correct Answerverifiednegative r...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following statements about extinction following intermittent reinforcement is true?

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The more lottery tickets you buy,the greater your chances of winning.However,you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win.It might be fewer than ten;it might be more than a million.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An investigator presents a conditioned stimulus followed by an unconditioned stimulus until an animal is classically conditioned.Then she exposes the animal to an extinction procedure.If she waits a while and then tests the animal again,she is likely to see

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off.Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially,now you do,due to classical conditioning.In this example,the unconditioned response is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which type of experience must a subject go through in classical conditioning before it can display stimulus generalization?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An individual receives a reinforcement after a certain number of responses.Sometimes 5 responses are necessary,sometimes 2,and sometimes 10.This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution inspired psychologists of the early 1900s to study

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The disequilibrium principle states that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After classically conditioning some response,how might one produce extinction of the response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In order to reduce risky behavior of children on a playground,a safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely.Researchers found this program

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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negative r...
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