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Because membranes usually are not permeable to polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins, how are cells able to incorporate these molecules?


A) These macromolecules are only incorporated into structures outside the membrane.
B) Macromolecules are broken down extracellularly, and their subunits diffuse through the membrane.
C) Macromolecules are digested extracellularly, and their subunits move through transport proteins.
D) Macromolecules are transported via endocytosis and digested within the cell.
E) both C and D

F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

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Why do polar substances such as NaCl dissolve so readily in water?


A) NaCl is a very dry powder, and the water is able to soak into the salt.
B) The sodium ions repel the negative end of the water molecule.
C) Spheres of hydration form between the water and the ions.
D) The charged ends of the water molecules are able to surround the oppositely charged salt ion.
E) both C and D

F) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

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Polymers are synthesized by reactions and broken down into their constituent monomers by reactions.

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condensation; hydrolysis

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the hierarchical nature of cellular structures, from smallest to largest?


A) macromolecules, organic molecules, supramolecular structures, organelles, cells
B) organic molecules, supramolecular structures, macromolecules, organelles, cells
C) organic molecules, macromolecules, supramolecular structures, organelles, cells
D) organelles, organic molecules, supramolecular structures, macromolecules, cells
E) organic molecules, macromolecules, organelles, supramolecular structures, cells

F) None of the above
G) A) and C)

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C

Which of the following is FALSE regarding water's specific heat?


A) The specific heat of water is similar to most liquids.
B) Water's high specific heat has a temperature- buffering effect.
C) The specific heat of water is 1.0 calorie per gram.
D) Water gains and loses heat more slowly than most other solvents.
E) Heat applied to water must initially break a number of hydrogen bonds.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

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The hierarchical nature of cellular structure is accurately illustrated in which of the following lists of substances (small to large) ?


A) nucleotides, nucleus, DNA, chromosome, cell
B) cellulose, glucose, cell wall, cell
C) protein, membrane, amino acids, chloroplast, cell
D) nucleotides, chromosome, DNA, nucleus, cell
E) nucleotides, DNA, chromosome, nucleus, cell

F) B) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Which of the following is NOT true of the polymerization of macromolecules?


A) Water is added to join the monomers of the macromolecules.
B) The polymer chain usually has two different ends.
C) Macromolecules are synthesized by the stepwise addition of monomers.
D) Often the energy needed for polymerization is supplied by ATP.
E) A monomer is usually activated by the coupling of the monomer to a carrier.

F) A) and B)
G) B) and C)

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While synthesizing a new blue pigment, a chemist notices that the new compound congregates between an aqueous (water) environment and a hydrophobic environment. When added to a mixture of oil and water, the pigment creates a blue ring around the droplets of oil. Which of the following statements best describes this new pigment?


A) The pigment is a polar molecule and is forming hydrogen bonds with both the water and oil molecules.
B) The pigment is neither polar or nonpolar, but is apolar.
C) The pigment is probably hydrophobic and is attempting to bond with the oil.
D) The pigment is hydrophilic and will not form hydrophobic bonds with the oil.
E) The pigment is amphipathic, having polar and nonpolar regions.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following is a unit of energy?


A) calorie
B) joule
C) mole
D) watt
E) both A and B

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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Why is a selectively permeable membrane so important to living things?


A) The membrane may absorb several times its weight in cholesterol.
B) It provides a good barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.
C) Proteins will avoid a selectively permeable membrane.
D) It allows cells to attach to adjacent tissues.
E) all of the above

F) B) and D)
G) A) and D)

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Which of the following is NOT soluble in water?


A) amino acids
B) nucleic acids
C) lipids
D) sugars
E) disaccharides

F) C) and D)
G) All of the above

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Which of the following is NOT a structural polysaccharide?


A) glycogen
B) chitin
C) peptidoglycan
D) cellulose
E) All of the above are structural polysaccharides.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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A

The polymerization of different types of macromolecules is similar in many respects. Which of the following principles below is LEAST likely to be common to all methods of polymerization of macromolecules?


A) As monomers are added to the polymer, water is removed from the macromolecule.
B) To be added to the polymer, the monomer must be activated.
C) Macromolecules are synthesized by the addition of monomers.
D) Polymerization is passive, requiring little ATP.
E) The polymer is directional.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Which of the following is true of an asymmetric carbon atom?


A) Asymmetric carbon atoms create stereoisomers.
B) A carbon with hydrogens attached at two locations is usually asymmetric.
C) Molecules may have only one asymmetric carbon atom.
D) Methane has an asymmetric carbon.
E) Only amino acids have asymmetric carbon atoms.

F) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

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Self- assembly is limited by


A) the time associated with forming solely noncovalent interactions.
B) the presence of water in the cytosol.
C) information of pre- existing structures.
D) the size of the molecule.
E) all of the above.

F) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

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Flat rocks may be made to skip across the water. Which of the following properties of water can explain these observations?


A) Water molecules create spheres of hydration around solute molecules.
B) Water is an excellent solvent.
C) Water molecules are cohesive.
D) Water molecules are often associated via hydrogen bonds.
E) both C and D

F) B) and E)
G) All of the above

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The cell membrane can be described most accurately as


A) permeable to some molecules and impermeable to others.
B) permeable to all molecules.
C) permeable to only larger molecules.
D) permeable to all small molecules and ions, but impermeable to larger ones.
E) impermeable to all polar molecules.

F) B) and E)
G) B) and C)

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What branch of chemistry deals specifically with living systems?


A) inorganic chemistry
B) organic chemistry
C) biochemistry
D) biological chemistry
E) both C and D

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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Carbon can form covalent bonds.


A) single and double
B) triple
C) single
D) single, double, and triple
E) double

F) A) and D)
G) B) and D)

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Biologically, which of the following is the least important characteristic of water?


A) Water is a good solvent.
B) Water molecules are polar.
C) Water typically contains isotopes of hydrogen.
D) Water has a temperature stabilizing capacity.
E) Water molecules have numerous hydrogen bonds.

F) All of the above
G) C) and D)

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