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A) Boniface and Innocent.
B) Frances and Dominic.
C) Urban and Clement.
D) Philip and Boniface.
E) Clement and Dominic.
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A) they feared the reforms advocated by Clement.
B) he had little affinity for the French.
C) the Scots supported Clement.
D) they believed him to truly be God's choice.
E) he promised to break the hold of the French on the Church.
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A) the development of the earliest mass factories.
B) the opening of the guilds to a wider segment of society.
C) the cities becoming less crowded.
D) the beginning of city planning.
E) the development of a greater free market economy in numerous cities.
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A) longbows
B) armored knights
C) the cannon
D) both a and b
E) both a and c
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A) hunting down heretics.
B) Defensor Pacis.
C) the Council of Constance.
D) the Lollard Rebellion.
E) the Avignon conspiracy.
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A) to raise wages for journeymen.
B) to stimulate trade.
C) to foster artistic expression.
D) to encourage competition.
E) to ensure economic success for its members.
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A) the longbow, which kept combatants at a greater distance from each other.
B) the cavalry, which could maneuver better than other fighting units.
C) the element of surprise, which would lead to preemptive strikes.
D) hand to hand combat, resulting in more aftereffects among the survivors.
E) the infantry, due to the fact that individuals could forage off the land if necessary.
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A) settling the issue of who was the rightful Pope.
B) reforming the Catholic Church.
C) eliminating several specific heresies.
D) ridding the Church of corruption.
E) keep the Papacy in Avignon.
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A) Islam and Christianity were at war in parts of Europe.
B) the Black Death had caused morbid fascination with the subject.
C) Christians, unlike Muslims, could create art that showed the human form.
D) they believed that many more might have to die to appease a vengeful God.
E) All of these are equally valid reasons.
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A) A severe labor shortage
B) Preoccupation with death and guilt
C) Heightened sensitivity to the natural world
D) An increased readiness to rebel against the peasants' lords
E) Declining tax revenues
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A) the volume of trade increased somewhat.
B) controls were placed on wages and prices.
C) survivors became healthier and more prosperous.
D) tax revenues increased.
E) serfdom became more common.
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A) people in much of northern Europe migrated southward.
B) the climate changed dramatically, with much of Europe experiencing colder, drier summers.
C) Europeans were forced to develop ways to use marginal lands such as marshes.
D) Europe experienced about five centuries of a colder, wetter climate.
E) the changed climate hit Europe especially hard during the 1400s.
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