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The term "de facto" means that


A) a practice or power is imaginary and never existed.
B) a practice or power is explained in the law.
C) a practice or power exists in fact, although not in law.
D) a practice or power is the result of a jury verdict from a trial.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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C

In a typical proportional representation election, individual voters cast their votes for the individual candidate they most prefer.

A) True
B) False

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In the German Parliament, the upper house has an absolute veto over legislation


A) if the legislation affects the states.
B) if the legislation is introduced by the Federal Chancellor.
C) if the legislation deals with the budget.
D) if the legislation deals with foreign policy.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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How have the powers of legislatures changed over time, especially when compared to the powers of executives?

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The powers of legislatures have evolved significantly over time, especially in comparison to the powers of executives. In many democratic systems, legislatures were originally seen as weak bodies with limited authority, often overshadowed by the more dominant executive branch. However, over the years, legislatures have gained more power and autonomy, becoming essential institutions in the process of making and passing laws. One of the key factors that have contributed to the evolution of legislative powers is the concept of separation of powers. As the idea of checks and balances became more entrenched in political systems, legislatures were given more authority to serve as a check on the powers of the executive branch. This has resulted in a more robust and independent legislative body that plays a crucial role in the governance of a country. Additionally, the rise of modern democracies and the increasing importance of representation have also led to an expansion of legislative powers. Legislatures are now responsible for representing the interests of the people, and as a result, they have been granted more authority to draft and pass laws that reflect the will of the electorate. On the other hand, the powers of executives have also evolved, but in a different direction. While executives still hold significant authority, the trend has been towards a more balanced distribution of power between the legislative and executive branches. This has led to a greater level of accountability for executive actions, as well as a more collaborative approach to governance. In conclusion, the powers of legislatures have changed over time, moving from relatively weak bodies to more influential and independent institutions. This shift has been driven by the principles of separation of powers, the importance of representation, and the need for checks and balances in democratic governance. The comparison to the powers of executives highlights the changing dynamics of governance and the increasing significance of legislative bodies in shaping the political landscape.

Standing committees in a national legislature are established at the opening of the legislative term and last for the full legislative term.

A) True
B) False

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A legislature with only one chamber is referred to as:


A) unicameral
B) united
C) unidirectional
D) unitary

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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The Latin term "de jure" suggests that a power or a practice is never permitted to exist.

A) True
B) False

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The Latin term "de jure" suggests that a power or a practice


A) exists in fact, although not in law.
B) is imaginary and never existed in fact.
C) is the result of a jury verdict from a trial.
D) is explained in the law, it is a legal power or practice.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The term "plurality voting" means that


A) the winner must get over 50 percent of the votes in an election.
B) whoever gets the most votes wins, even if they don't receive a majority.
C) there is a two-stage election on two consecutive Sundays.
D) voters cast their votes for at least two different candidates.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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An example of a political system with multiple-member districts is:


A) Britain
B) Japan
C) Germany
D) Italy

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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The term "plurality voting" means that candidates must receive over 50% of the vote to win an election.

A) True
B) False

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In bicameral legislatures, it is most common that


A) the upper house is stronger than the lower house.
B) the two houses have equal strength.
C) the lower house is stronger than the upper house.
D) there is only one house in the legislature.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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As a general rule, single-member district, plurality elections have a tendency to


A) elect Republicans.
B) elect Democrats.
C) overrepresent majorities and hide minorities.
D) overrepresent minorities and fracture majorities.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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C

A disadvantage of proportional representation voting is that it


A) tends to result in many political parties in the legislature with no majority party.
B) is more accurate of public opinion than plurality, district based voting.
C) requires a clear majority of votes to win.
D) occurs more frequently than plurality voting.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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What are the most important powers of legislatures for their respective political systems today?

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The most important powers of legislature...

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As a general rule, the proportion of women in national legislatures is fairly accurate with respect to the proportion of women in the population.

A) True
B) False

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The term "suspensory veto" in the legislature means that


A) one house can block the work of the other house.
B) a prime minister has the ability to veto legislative action.
C) one house can slow down, but not stop completely, the actions of the other house.
D) the supreme court can block legislation.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The term "upper house" means what in respect to a national legislature?


A) the chamber is on the second floor of the legislative chamber
B) the chamber with the most ties with the mass public
C) the chamber least directly in contact with the mass public
D) the chamber that has more power in politics today

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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As a general rule the appearance of women in national legislatures is


A) lower than it should be based upon the number of women in the population.
B) about what it should be based upon the number of women in the population.
C) above what it should be based upon the number of women in the population.
D) sometimes more and sometimes less than it should be, depending upon the nationbeing examined.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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In bicameral legislatures, upper chambers may represent territorial units.

A) True
B) False

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